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I recently got a Tacx Flow trainer, this being the first time using a power meter. For about 10 years, however, I have been doing monthly "uphill time trials," whereby I put the time into that formula which, supposedly, determines your power. (Mass X height of climb, divided by time (seconds) = Newton meters X 10 = watts.) For that, I've been averaging about 300 - 330 watts for around 13 - 14 minutes. Yet, on the Tacx, I've done just an 8 minute effort (for determining CTS training zones), and can only manage 250 watts. I realize neither of these is going to be as accurate as a PowerTap or SRM, but that seems to be an awfully large discrepancy, especially considering how its the shorter effort is so much lower. I know fatigue starts setting in, but on the Tacx, it seems like the resistance is gradually increasing, or some thing. Or, is it possible something isn't set up right? (Yes, I did put my body weight in.)

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  • The watt meters on exercise equipment are not generally terribly accurate, and a variation of 30% or so from "reality" isn't at all out of the question. In addition, I've always suspected that you can't generally get as much power out of a stationary bike as you can on a real bike, probably due to the way you shift your weight around on the bike. Nov 14, 2012 at 1:25
  • Also keep in mind that on the trainer you have no natural cooling like you on a bike. This can significantly limit your power output. Nov 14, 2012 at 16:36

3 Answers 3

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I will presume you are asking about the types of trainers that one mounts one's own bike onto, and not a dedicated "bike" trainer such as a Monark ergometer or a CycleOps Indoor Cycle (ergometers such as these are used in exercise physiology laboratories and can be calibrated to be very accurate).

Consistency and Accuracy of Speed Measurement

Accurate power measurement in most indoor trainers depends on accuracy in speed measurement. A full description of the relevant factors is long and complex. The short answer is that some indoor trainers are more consistent and accurate than others, and we can group them into rough categories.

In general, accurate power measurement from an indoor trainer depends on a consistent load response with respect to speed. Thus, your question is equivalent to asking, "how consistent is recorded speed for a given power input?" If that relationship is consistent then you can simply put a speedometer on a trainer and convert the observed speed to power. A handful of modern software applications (e.g., Trainerroad or Golden Cheetah) do essentially this: one mounts an ANT+ speed sensor on the bike and, if the trainer is consistent in its response, the application converts that speed into power.

The speed-power relationship will depend on tire pressure, the tire-to-roller contact pressure, the ambient temperature, and the type of resistance unit used by the trainer to generate the load. For example, common types of load generators include wind fans, magnetic resistance units, fluid resistance units, and electric load generators; rollers use frictional resistance generated by tire deformation, belt losses, and (a very small amount of) aerodynamic drag generated by the spinning rear and front wheels. Wind-turbine fans tend to be quite consistent as long as the tire-to-roller contact patch is consistent and air density is constant. The relatively new Lemond Revolution Trainer uses a large fan directly driven via its own cassette so does not rely on a tire-to-roller interface and independent tests have shown that its speed-power response can be both precise and accurate. Some discussion of how the tests were performed and the drag parameters were estimated are here. As an aside, wind turbine trainers tend to be quite noisy.

Because the load generation on a set of rollers is mostly determined by rolling resistance it, too, can be quite consistent. Measurements with a calibrated Power Tap show that if tires, tubes, air pressure, number of wheel spokes, and total mass are known, rollers are extremely consistent: consistent enough that high precision estimates of rolling resistance can be made using this setup. For example, the differences in the rolling resistance of tires and tubes described at biketechreview.com were measured using rollers and a calibrated power meter.

The consistency of magnetic and fluid load generators tends to degrade with temperature. Some fluid generators use more temperature-stable fluids, and thus tend to be more consistent than magnetic load generators -- however, one fairly well-known brand of fluid generator trainers has a distinct "temperature threshold" through which it passes so the resistance is quite step-like. The consistency of both magnetic and fluid trainers can be improved if one can maintain their load units at a steady equilibrium temperature.

Among the trainers with electrically-based load generators, the Computrainer, the Velodyne, and the Velotron are reportedly consistent and can be calibrated to be accurate against a known accurate power meter.

The Tacx Flow

In my experience, the Flow is not particularly accurate although in certain modes it can be consistently inaccurate. In other modes it is inconsistently inaccurate. However, in all test modes I've used, the Flow overestimates rather than underestimates power compared to a Power Tap.

To demonstrate consistency of the Tacx Flow, I collected the data below with the same tires, same tubes, same bike, and same rolldown calibration number (of zero). The black and red dots were collected four months apart in time, for four different "slope factors" and demonstrate that over that period the speed-reported power of the Flow was consistent.

consistency of the Flow over four months for four different slope factors

However, while consistent, the Flow was inaccurate. There was no combination of calibration number, scale factor, and slope that I could find that would produce accurate power estimates across the range of speeds tested (accurate compared to a known-accurate Power Tap). Since I had the Power Tap, I quickly gave up trying to find the "right" parameters. However, over a "moderate" range between 200 and 300 watts, a scale factor of 85 and a rolldown calibration number of 4 came close -- above and below that range, the Flow grew worse.

That was for the Flow in "trainer" or "slope" mode. In "ergo" mode, where the Flow is supposed to adjust the load in order to keep power constant even if the rider changes speed and cadence, its performance was abysmal. In the plot below, three different scale factors were tested for a set ergo power level and varying wheel speed. If the Flow had been able to adjust the load to keep power constant at varying speed, power (as measured by an accurate Power Tap) would be independent of speed and each group of dots would be horizontal. As can be seen, they are not. This demonstrates that in ergo mode, the Flow's load generator is easily overmatched at high and low wheel speed. It is thus wise not to rely on the Flow's ergo mode.

enter image description here

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It's possibly worth revisiting this question because of technological changes.

The Tacx Flow is a wheel-on trainer. That is, you keep your rear wheel on, and you put the wheel in contact with a roller at the back. As R. Chung's answer said:

The speed-power relationship will depend on tire pressure, the tire-to-roller contact pressure, the ambient temperature, and the type of resistance unit used by the trainer to generate the load.

That is, this type of trainer can report biased power depending on, among other things, how hard you press that roller into the rear tire. If you go on the Zwift racing forums, you will frequently hear commenters being salty about ZPower users. This refers to people using wheel-on trainers without actual power meters. Those setups can over-report actual power, sometimes by quite a lot. You'll probably also find some people saying that they went from ZPower to a proper direct drive trainer or a power meter and were humbled by the experience. You’ll also find a few who said that they got a power meter and found out that Zpower was underestimating their power.

Currently, power meters are more commonly used and are cheaper than when the question was asked. They are typically mounted to the crank or the pedal spindles, so they are less restrictive than PowerTap hubs were. Alternatively, direct drive trainers are also more common. With these trainers, you take your rear wheel off. Your chain spins a flywheel of known mass. The trainer estimates power based on the flywheel speed. The relationship between flywheel speed and power is much more consistent than on wheel-on trainers. Reviewers like DC Rainmaker and GP Lama test numerous trainers and power meters. They have shown that good smart trainers produce readings consistent with good power meters. That is, direct drive trainers are much better at measuring power than wheel-on trainers (as in, using a wheel-on trainer's. For training purposes, either a wheel-on trainer plus a good power meter or a good direct drive trainer will suffice.

At the time of writing, the cheapest direct drive trainer is the Zwift Hub, selling for US$499. This is a bit more expensive than the current price for the Tacx Flow that I just checked on Google. Wahoo's Kickr Snap was/is otherwise the most current wheel-on trainer. Before the Zwift Hub, the Kickr Snap was priced around US$499.

On a personal note, I have found it sufficient to have a smart trainer for training and to ride without power outside. I've been able to pace myself on perceived exertion. That said, I don't seriously time trial. Alternatively, in an endurance ride where I want to spend as much time in that zone as possible, it is pretty easy to slip into the recovery or tempo zones without a power meter (i.e. to work too easily or to hard).

If you opt for this setup, I'd suggest doing at least some indoor workouts without erg mode (i.e. use level mode). This is where the trainer doesn't hold you to a target power, so you have to do that job. This enables you to learn what various power outputs feel like so you can pace yourself. For example, sweet spot feels challenging but sustainable. Threshold feels more so than this. VO2max efforts feel doable until your heart rate gets up, and then you’re gasping for air. I can't do over-under threshold efforts in level mode, because you're targeting power outputs that are quite close together (e.g. at an FTP of 225 W, I want to alternate between about 215W and 235W, which is harder than it sounds). Otherwise, this is a very useful exercise for many serious cyclists.

One last semi-related point is that FTPs are likely to differ indoor and outdoor. This coaching website says that outdoor FTPs are often 5-10% higher in their experience. Heat is almost certainly one cause, as ventilation is better outdoors. The authors speculate on other possible explanations.

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    Good direct-drive trainers have a claimed accuracy around +/- 2 percent for cheaper models like the Zwift Hub and +/- 1 for the expensive Kickr. My last FTP test was within 1W of my previous test about 9 months ago, not sure though who's really consistent here, though. ;)
    – DoNuT
    Nov 21, 2023 at 16:02
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    As an aside, I still use Power Tap hubs and I still have that Tacx Flow. I used the PT/Flow combination during COVID lockdowns to ride on Zwift, ignoring the Flow's readings and relying solely on the PT. On a whim, I re-tested the Flow using the same protocol as I had around 2005 or 2006, which produced the graphics attached to my answer. I was surprised that the consistency was still there, and could replicate both graphics.
    – R. Chung
    Nov 21, 2023 at 16:35
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I find that my 8 minute TT outdoor tests always result in a higher wattage average.

Even comparing PowerTap to SRM will result in some differences, but if the trainer gives you repeatable wattage's (as well as always pumping the tire to same psi and set same resistance of trainer to your tire), then you can do your indoor training based on those numbers and use your outdoor numbers for outdoor training.

I see the Tacx Flow on the beta list of compatible trainers for training via virtual power on the Trainer Road website (which means it has a published power curve), so I suspect that the trainer does produce repeatable power resistance and wattage's.

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