Freewheel or Cassette (Freehub)
If your bicycle uses a cassette freehub for the rear sprockets, then it was likely made in the late 1980s or later. Shimano came out with the first commercial freehub in 1978 in the Dura-Ace series, but it took about a decade for it to make significant inroads.
Like many other technologies, cheaper bicycles (and notably, many e-bikes) have continued to use freewheels even today so only the presence of a freehub/cassette and not the absence of a freewheel is can be used as a positive indication of date.:
- Freehub-cassette present as original equipment: the bike was likely made in the late 1980s or later
- Freewheel present as original equipment: you can't determine anything about its age just from this