No, that will not work. The latest generation R2000 Claris groupset and it's predecessors are all 8 speed systems, so you can't select 11 sprockets on the cassette.
If you are thinking that you can use the 8 of the 11 sprockets, that won't work either.
TheA quick explanation of the differences between different 'speed' groupsets: the sprocket spacing on 8, 9, 11 and 11 speed systems gets progressively closer, the sprockets narrower and the external width of chains narrower also. Proper positioning of the derailleur over each sprocket is controlled by the incremental length of cable pulled by the shifter and the actuation ratio of the derailleur (the ratio of cable length pulled to lateral movement of the cage).
So, an 8 speed shifter, even with a 11 speed derailler, won't position the cage over the sprockets on an 11 speed cassette properly.
Additionally, the 11 speed Ultegra derailleur isn't compatible with the 8 speed Claris group either. Shimano 11 speed road derailleurs have a different actuation ratioactuation ratio than 10 speed and below. (Actuation ratio is the ratio of cable length pulled to lateral movement of the derailleur cage.). Using an 11 speed derailleur with 8 speed shifters and cassette will give you trouble with indexing all the sprocketsprockets properly.
Shimano publishes extensive specifications and compatibility information you can consult to figure out what components work with each other https://productinfo.shimano.com/#/.