Why is the "B-Tension" adjustment screw so called? Does it stand for anything, have there been A and C adjustments, or is there another reason for its name?
1 Answer
The B-screw is for "Body screw", since it affects the body angle of the derailleur.
B-Tension is Shimano's term for B-screw -- as Sheldon points out, on Campagnolo, the screw behaves the opposite of Shimano.
See Sheldon Brown and Park Tool for more details. Also, see the answer here for more details on what it does.