Slight Difference in Spoke Tension Between Inner and Outer Spokes on Straightpull Hubs?

Question

I recently built up my first set of straightpull wheels, with I9 hubs and traditional DT Swiss Competition spokes. (Hubs were from a I9 Trail S Hydra wheelset and are very much like DTs.)

Something I didn't expect, but ran into, is that when finishing up tensioning the wheels, it seemed like the inner and outer spokes on each side required a slightly different tension; about 1 number on a Park TM-1 tension meter.

This seems to makes sense because the spoke holes for inner vs. outer are a few millimeters different when it comes to flange distance, and thus the inner (steeper bracing angle) spokes would likely have a slightly higher tension.

The wheels built up wonderfully and I had no problem getting to even tension, but it was a bit surprising at first because instead of having one final tension for each side of the wheel I had a (slightly) different for inner and outer spokes on each side of the wheel. For example, here's the numbers from the front wheel:

• NDS (L) Inner: 22 (117 kgf)
• NDS (L) Outer: 21 (105 kgf)
• DS (R) Inner: 20 (94 kgf)
• DS (R) Outer: 19 (85 kgf)

So my question: Is this normal?

Due to what's effectively a slightly different flange spacing it makes sense, but I wasn't able to find anything about it searching around online, so maybe it's just one of those things that's understood/accepted by more experienced wheelbuilders?

(If it's useful I have a full writeup on that build here.)

Answer 1

Yes, it's normal and you correctly understand why. Some straight pull hubs can create more variance in bracing angle per side than a j-bend hub would. Other straight-pull designs (Velomax/Easton comes to mind) put the spokes in a straight line, creating the least of this variance possible.

On a j-bend hub, there is also some amount of this effect. But, it's usually very minor. How minor varies with flange thickness and rim diameter. In other words, it's at its least in a road wheel (big rim, dainty flanges) and greatest within BMX (little rim, sometimes thick flanges). You see the same thing where it's almost never a noticeable phenomenon building road wheels that the true optimal spoke length varies with the side of the flange, but if you look at nipple thread engagement on most BMX wheels the difference in engagement is readily observable. In almost any case with a j-bend hub, the effect is minimal enough and the rim is stiff enough that you can have all the spokes at the same tension and the wheel will still be visually true, because the rim stiffness is enough to make it that way. But, using a dial indicator on a very light, low spoke count rim built to near-perfect tension tolerance, you will be able to see the effect on the indicator.

Another way to think about it: the classical spoke length formula reduces the wheel to a bunch of circles and triangles between points in 3-dimensional space. It doesn't account for flange thickness unless you run the formula once for each side of the flange. It also doesn't account for the thickness of the spoke, i.e. the distance between its surface and center.

In practical terms, for bikes, once in a very great while, if you build a lot of BMX or ebike wheels, the whole thing can result in running out of threaded length on one side of a flange but not the other. I've seen it a few times. The importance of understanding this effect is actually in resurgence, because small wheel motor hub rebuilds are an increasingly common shop task, and they have some of the thickest, shortest spokes on the thickest flanges of pretty much any bike wheel genre in history.

Answer 2

I am seeing the same variation between inner and outer spoke tensions on straight pull wheels (3x but no interlacing). The guidance given to me is to have even tension of all spokes on each side of the wheel, and while I can achieve this it seems that a truly balanced wheel would have slightly higher tensions on the inner spokes compared to the outer spokes on the same flange.

My key question is how does this relate to the tangential force the spokes are exerting, as all the inner spokes on both sides are trailing while all the outer are leading. These forces must be equal as the trailing spokes are pulling against the leading spokes and hub will simply rotate to a point where the trailing and leading forces are equal.

It seems to me that the spokes must be providing equal rotational force despite different spoke tensions, because of their different distance from the centre of the hub.

So if I bring the inner and outer spokes on the drive side flange to the same tension I am thinking I must trying to laterally distort the rim, which doesn’t show up because the rims are so stiff? Or perhaps I am compensating with greater variance of tensions on the Non Drive Side of the wheel?

Sorry not a lot of answers here, just more questions. :)